Thijs Bosker
Universitair hoofddocent
- Naam
- Dr.ir. T. Bosker
- Telefoon
- +31 71 527 4924
- t.bosker@cml.leidenuniv.nl
- ORCID iD
- 0000-0002-7727-1402
Thijs Bosker is universitair hoofddocent Milieuwetenschappen. In zijn onderzoek gebruikt hij laboratorium- en veldtechnieken om de impact van verontreinigingen op de gezondheid van ecosystemen te bestuderen, met de nadruk op stress-on-stress-scenario's onder estuariene omstandigheden. Hij voert zijn onderzoek uit in Canada, de VS, het Caribisch gebied en Nederland.
Meer informatie over Thijs Bosker
Nieuws
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Nieuwe opleiding stoomt studenten klaar voor de duurzaamheids-vraagstukken van deze tijd -
Plastics zorgen voor stress bij gewassen (zelfs de afbreekbare soorten) -
Vijf vragen aan Thijs Bosker over Local Actions -
Lees en kijk: Universiteit Leiden pakt uit op de Impact Fair -
Lustrumactiviteit: bezoek de Universiteit Leiden op de Impact Fair 2025! -
‘Je hoeft niet Greta Thunberg te zijn om een bijdrage te leveren’
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Science for Sustainable Societies: een nieuwe interdisciplinaire bacheloropleiding -
Buurtlab 070 van start – duurzaamheidsonderzoek middenin, door en voor de wijk -
College van Bestuur bezoekt Leiden University College The Hague -
Thijs Bosker in AD: 'Meer microplastics in oceaan dan sterren in Melkweg' -
Haagse gemeenteraadsleden op werkbezoek: ‘Den Haag wordt een echte studentenstad’ -
Sustainable City Lab gaat ‘in de eigen achtertuin aan de slag met duurzaamheid’ -
Thijs Bosker in diverse media over microplastics in walvispoep -
Walvispoep onthult plasticprobleem: 3 miljoen microplastics per dag -
'Klimaatvraagstukken en duurzaamheid moeten onderdeel worden van iedere studie' -
Sustainable The Hague: Duurzame initiatieven bij jou om de hoek in kaart gebracht -
Groot Europees onderzoek naar microplastics in landbouwgrond: subsidie voor Thijs Bosker
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Globaal denken, lokaal handelen -
Hoe maak je citizen science succesvol? -
Latijns-Amerikaanse diplomaten komen bij elkaar op Wijnhaven -
'Ons plasticgebruik gaat veranderen'
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‘Meer microplastics in het milieu dan sterren in de Melkweg’ -
Weg met de wetenschappelijke hokjes -
Thijs Bosker bij het Jeugdjournaal -
Thijs Bosker in het NOS Jeugdjournaal over plasticvervuiling en microplastics -
Thijs Bosker op NPO Radio 1 over plastic- vervuiling op Antarctica
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Leren over biodiversiteit door onderzoek met cameravallen -
Thijs Bosker in het NOS Radio 1 Journaal -
Hoe een nationale voedingsrichtlijn het milieu kan verbeteren -
Media over plastic in strandzand -
Biologiestudente Gayathri Jaikumar wint prijs in Change Maker Challenge -
Een dag vol Haagse colleges voor leerlingen van het Segbroek -
Samen een betere wereld dichterbij brengen -
Interview Mare: Microplastics zitten overal, of dat kwaad kan weten we eigenlijk niet -
10 jaar en nu al naar de universiteit?
Meer informatie op de Engelse pagina.
Contact
Universitair hoofddocent
- Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen
- Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen Leiden
- CML/Environmental Biology
Universitair docent
- Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen
- Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen Leiden
- CML/Environmental Biology
- Plas M. van der, Trimbos K.B., Bosker T. & Vijver M.G. (2025), eDNA-based approaches advance ecotoxicology: insights and best practices from eDNA metabarcoding studies in evaluating stress-induced aquatic (macro-) invertebrate community composition, Ecological Indicators 172: 113269.
- Novak S., Kokalj A.J., Marolt G., Imperl J., Kostanjsek R., Dolar A., Zantis L.J., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M., Bosker T., Hocevar M., Perc V., Saje S. & Drobne D. (2025), Tracking the journey: Europium-doped polystyrene nanoplastics distribution in a model invertebrate (terrestrial isopod, Porcellio scaber, Crustacea) upon dietary exposure, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 301: 118491.
- Kokalj A.J., Kalčíková G., Selonen S., Bosker T., Drobne D., Dvorakova D., Hofman J., Hurley R., Kernchen S., Laforsch C., Löder M.G.J., Loon S. van, Redondo-Hasselerharm P.E., Saartama V., Šmídová K., Tsagkaris A.S., Zantis L.J., Nizzetto L. & Gestel C.A.M. van (2024), Strategy towards producing relevant and reliable data for the hazard assessment of micro- and nanoplastics in agricultural soils, Trends in Analytical Chemistry 172: 117567.
- Zantis L.J., Aeamczyk S., Velmala Sannakajsa M., Adamczyk B., Vijver M.G., Peijenburg W.J.G.M. & Bosker T. (2024), Comparing the impact of microplastics derived from a biodegradable and a conventional plastic mulch on plant performance, Science of the Total Environment 935: 173265.
- Rasmussen A.S.B., Bosker T., Ramanand G.G. & Vijver M.G. (2024), Participatory hackathon to determine ecological relevant endpoints for a neurotoxin to aquatic and benthic invertebrates, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31: 22885-22899.
- Rasmussen A.S.B., Bosker T., Barmentlo S.H., Berglund O. & Vijver M.G. (2024), Non-conventional endpoints show higher sulfoxaflor toxicity to Chironomus riparius than conventional endpoints in a multistress environment, Aquatic Toxicology 275: 107074.
- Yu Q., Nederstigt T.A.P., Wang Z., Wu J., Bosker T., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. & Vijver M.G. (2024), Accumulation kinetics of polystyrene nano- and microplastics in the waterflea Daphnia magna and trophic transfer to the mysid Limnomysis benedeni, Environmental Pollution 363(1): 125029.
- Zantis L.J., Kazour M., Borchi C., Agati R., Colpaert R., Gimbert F., Vijver M.G, Peijnenburg W. & Bosker T. (2024), Quantitative tracking of nanoplastics along the food chain from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to snails (Cantareus aspersus), Science of the Total Environment 955: 176848.
- Adamczyk S., Zantis L.J., Loon S. van, Gestel C.A.M. van, Bosker T., Hurley R., Nizzetto L., Adamczyk B. & Velmala S. (2024), Biodegradable microplastics induce profound changes in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) defense mechanisms and to some extent deteriorate growth traits, Environmental Pollution 363(part 2): 125307.
- Strang C.I. & Bosker T. (2024), The impact of climate change on marine mega-decapod ranges: a systematic literature review, Fisheries Research 280: 107165.
- Osterrieth M. & Bosker T. (2024), Impacts of terrestrial mammalian herbivores on vegetation change in the arctic, Polar Biology 47: 1307-1321.
- Schwaiger J., Tas Kronenburg Z.M., Auch A., Bosker T. & Ehrhardt D.W.L. (2024), Customary authorities and environmental governance in Africa: a systematic review, Society & Natural Resources 37(8): 1199-1217.
- Zantis L.J., Rombach A., Adamczyk S., Velmala S.M., Adamczyk B., Vijver M.G., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. & Bosker T. (2023), Species-dependent responses of crop plants to polystyrene microplastics, Environmental Pollution 335: 122243.
- Laan L.J.W. van der, Bosker T. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2023), Deciphering potential implications of dietary microplastics for human health, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 20(6): 340-341.
- Adamczyk S., Chojak-Koźniewska J., Oleszczuk S., Michalski K., Velmala S., Zantis L.J., Bosker T., Zimny J. Adamczyk B. & Sowa S. (2023), Polystyrene nanoparticles induce concerted response of plant defense mechanisms in plant cells, Scientific Reports 13: 22423.
- Zantis L.J., Borchi C., Vijver M.G., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M., Di Lonardo S. & Bosker T. (2023), Nano- and microplastics commonly cause adverse impacts on plants at environmentally relevant levels: A systematic review, Science of the Total Environment 867: 161211.
- Bosker T. & Zantis L.J. (2023), Microplastics in the marine environment — an introduction. In: Horton A.A. (red.), Plastic Pollution in the Global Ocean: World Scientific. 139-163.
- Wu J., Sun J., Bosker T., Vijver M.G. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2023), Toxicokinetics and particle number-based trophic transfer of a metallic nanoparticle mixture in a terrestrial food chain, Environmental Science and Technology 57(7): 2792-2803.
- Zantis L.J., Bosker T., Lawler F., Nelms S.E., O'Rorke R., Constantine R., Sewell M. & Carroll E.L. (2022), Assessing microplastic exposure of large marine filter-feeders, Science of the Total Environment 818: 151815.
- Dool T. & Bosker T. (2022), Predicted microplastic uptake through trophic transfer by the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 180: 113745.
- Yu Q., Zhang Z., Abdolahpur Monikh F., Wu J., Wang Z., Vijver M.G., Bosker T. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2022), Trophic transfer of Cu nanoparticles in a simulated aquatic food chain, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 242: 113920.
- Zantis L., Carroll E.L., Nelms S.E. & Bosker T. (2021), Marine mammals and microplastics: a systematic review and call for standardization, Environmental Pollution 269: 116142 (116142).
- Allmon E., Serafin J., Chen S., Rodgers M.L., Griffitt R., BoskerT, Guise S. De & Sepulveda M.S. (2021), Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and abiotic stressors on Fundulus grandis cardiac transcriptomics, Science of the Total Environment 752: 142156.
- Wu J., Bosker T., Vijver M.G. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2021), Trophic transfer and toxicity of (mixtures of) Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles in the lettuce–terrestrial snail food chain, Environmental Science and Technology 55(24): 16563-16572.
- Wu J., Zhai Y., Liu G., Bosker T., Vijver M.G. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2021), Dissolution Dynamics and Accumulation of Ag Nanoparticles in a Microcosm Consisting of a Soil–Lettuce–Rhizosphere Bacterial Community, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 9(48): 16172-16181.
- Bosker T., Cieraad E. & Trimbos K.B. (2020), Biodiversity: what are the impacts of food production on biodiversity?. In: Behrens P., Bosker T. & Ehrhardt D. (red.), Food and sustainability. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17.
- Dovidat L.C., Brinkmann B.W., Vijver M.G. & Bosker T. (2020), Plastic particles adsorb to the roots of freshwater vascular plant Spirodela polyrhiza but do not impair growth, Limnology and Oceanography Letters 5(1): 37-45.
- Rutherford R., Lister A., Bosker T., Blewett T., Gillio-Meina E., Chehade I., Kanagasabesan T. & MacLatchy D. (2020), Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) are less sensitive to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) than other common model teleosts: a comparative review of reproductive effects, General and Comparative Endocrinology 289: 113378.
- Wu J., Wang G., Vijver M.G., Bosker T. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2020), Foliar versus root exposure of AgNPs to lettuce: Phytotoxicity, antioxidant responses and internal translocation, Environmental Pollution 261: 114117.
- Behrens P.A., Bosker T. & Ehrhardt D.W.L. (2020), Food and Sustainability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Behrens P.A., Bosker T. & Ehrhardt D.W.L. (2020), Summary: a view towards the future. In: Behrens P.A., Bosker T. & Ehrhardt D.W.L. (red.), Food and sustainability. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 364.
- Wu J., Yu Q., Bosker T., Vijver M.G. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2020), Quantifying the relative contribution of particulate versus dissolved silver to toxicity and uptake kinetics of silver nanowires in lettuce: impact of size and coating, Nanotoxicology 14(10): 1399-1414.
- Rodgers M.L., Simning D., Sepúlveda M.S., De Guise S., Bosker T. & Griffitt R.J. (2020), Exposure to oil and Hypoxia Results in Alterations of immune transcriptional patterns in Developing Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), Scientific Reports 10: 1684.
- Monikh F.A., Chupani L., Smerkova K., Bosker T., Cizar P., Krzyzanek V., Richtera L., Franek R., Zuskova E., Skoupy R., Krishna Darbha G., Vijver M.G., Valsami-Jones E. & Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. (2020), Engineered nanoselenium supplemented fish diet: toxicity comparison with ionic selenium and stability against particle dissolution, aggregation and release, Environmental Science: Nano 7(8): 2325-2336 .
- Jaikumar G., Brun N.R., Vijver M.G. & Bosker T. (2019), Reproductive toxicity of primary and secondary microplastics to three cladocerans during chronic exposure, Environmental Pollution 249: 638-646.
- Bosker T., Bouwman L.J., Brun N.R., Behrens P. & Vijver M.G. (2019), Microplastics accumulate on pores in seed capsule and delay germination and root growth of the terrestrial vascular plant Lepidium sativum, Chemosphere 226: 774-781.
- Rambonnet L., Vink S.C., Land-Zandstra A.M. & Bosker T. (2019), Making citizen science count: best practices and challenges of citizen science projects on plastics in aquatic environments, Marine Pollution Bulletin 145: 271-277.
- Bosker T., Olthof G., Vijver M.G., Baas J. & Barmentlo S.H. (2019), Significant decline of Daphnia magna population biomass due to microplastic exposure, Environmental Pollution 250: 669-675.
- Jasperse L., Levin M., Rogers K., Perkins C., Bosker T., Griffitt R.J., Sepulveda M.S. & De Guise S. (2019), Corrigendum: Transgenerational effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38(8): 1833-1833.
- Jasperse L., Levin M., Rogers K., Perkins C., Bosker T., Griffitt R.J., Sepulveda M. & De Guise S. (2019), Hypoxia and reduced salinity exacerbate the effects of oil exposure on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) reproduction, Aquatic Toxicology 212: 175-185.
- Zhai Y.J., Liu G., Bosker T., Baas E., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. & Vijver M.G. (2019), Compositional and predicted functional dynamics of soil bacterial community in response to single pulse and repeated dosing of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, NanoImpact 16: 100187.
- Jasperse L., Levin M., Rogers K., Perkins C., Bosker T., Griffitt R.J., Sepulveda M.S. & Guise S. de (2019), Transgenerational effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38(3): 638-649.
- Serafin J., Guffey S.C., Bosker T., Griffitt R.J., Guise S. de., Perkins C., Szuter M. & Sepulveda M.S. (2019), Combined effects of salinity, temperature, hypoxia, and Deepwater Horizon oil on Fundulus grandis larvae, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 8: 1735.
- Jasperse L., Levin M., Rogers K., Perkins C., Bosker T., Griffitt R.J., Sepulveda M.S. & Guise S. de (2019), Parental exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil in different environmental scenarios alters development of sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) offspring, Marine Environmental Research 150: 104762.
- Simning D., Sepulveda M., Guise S. de, Bosker T. & Griffitt R.J. (2019), The combined effects of salinity, hypoxia, and oil exposure on survival and gene expression in developing sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, Aquatic Toxicology 214: 105234.
- Bauer K., Bosker T., Dirks K.N. & Behrens P.A. (2018), The impact of seating location on black carbon exposure in public transit buses : Implications for vulnerable groups, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62: 577-583.
- Jaikumar G., Baas J., Brun N.R., Vijver M.G. & Bosker T. (2018), Acute sensitivity of three Cladoceran species to different types of microplastics in combination with thermal stress, Environmental Pollution 239: 733-740.
- Rodgers M.L., Jones E.R., Klinkhamer C., Mahapatra C.T., Serafin J., Bosker T., Perkins C., Griffitt R.J., De Guise S. & Sepúlveda M.S. (2018), Combined effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil and environmental stressors on Fundulus grandis embryos, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 37(7): 1916-1925.
- Bosker T., Guaita L. & Behrens P.A. (2018), Microplastic pollution on Caribbean beaches in the Lesser Antilles, Marine Pollution Bulletin 133: 442-447.
- Besley A.P.A., Vijver M.G., Behrens P.A. & Bosker T. (2017), A standardized method for sampling and extraction methods for quantifying microplastics in beach sand, Marine Pollution Bulletin 144(1): 77-83.
- Bosker T., Behrens P.A. & Vijver M.G. (2017), Determining global distribution of microplastics by combining citizen science and in-depth case studies, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 13(3): 536-541.
- Bosker T., Santoro G. & Melvin S.D. (2017), Salinity and sensitivity to endocrine disrupting chemicals: A comparison of reproductive endpoints in small-bodied fish exposed under different salinities, Chemosphere 183: 186-196.
- Veneman W.J., Spaink H.P., Brun N.R., Bosker T. & Vijver M.G. (2017), Pathway analysis of systemic transcriptome responses to injected polystyrene particles in zebrafish larvae, Aquatic Toxicology 190: 112-120.
- Bosker T., Balen L. van, Walsh B., Sepúldeda M.S., Dehuise S., Perkins C. & Griffitt R.J. (2017), The combined effect of Macondo oil and corexit on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) during early development, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A: Current Issues 80(9): 477-484.
- Lots F.A.E., Behrens P., Vijver M.G., Horton A.A. & Bosker T. (2017), A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination: Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment, Marine Pollution Bulletin 123(1-2): 219-226.
- Behrens P.A., Kiefte-de Jong J.C., Bosker T., Dias Rodrigues J.F., Koning A. de & Tukker A. (2017), Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(51): 13412-13417.
- Bosker T., Munkittrick K.R., Lister A. & MacLatchy D.L. (2016), Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) continue to successfully produce and fertilize eggs when exposed to high levels of 17α‐ethinylestradiol, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35(5): 1107-1112.
- Terhune J.M. & Bosker T. (2016), Harp Seals Do Not Increase Their Call Frequencies When It Gets Noisier. In: Popper A.N. & Hawkins A. (red.), The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II nr. 875. New York: Springer. 1149-1153.
- Glinka Chelsea O., Salvatore Jr. Frasca, Provatas Anthony A., Lama Tanya, De Guise Sylvain & Bosker Thijs (2015), The effects of model androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) reproduction under different salinities, Aquatic Toxicology 165: 266-276.
- Feswick A., Ings J.S., Doyle M.A., Bosker T., Munkittrick K.R. & Martyniuk C.J. (2014), Transcriptomics profiling and steroid production in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) testes after treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone, General and Comparative Endocrinology 203: 106-119.
- Bosker Thijs, Mudge Joseph F. & Munkittrick Kelly R. (2013), Statistical reporting deficiencies in environmental toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32(8): 1737-1739.
- Meina Esteban Gillio, Lister Andrea, Bosker Thijs, Servos Mark, Munkittrick Kelly & MacLatchy Deborah (2013), Effects of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on reproductive endocrine status in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) under differing salinity and temperature conditions, Aquatic Toxicology 134: 92-103.
- Doyle M.A., Bosker T., MacLatchy D.L., Martyniuk C.J. & Munkittrick K.R. (2013), The effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on molecular signaling cascades in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), Aquatic Toxicology 134-135: 34-46.
- Bosker T., Munkittrick K.R., Nacci D.E. & MacLatchy D.L. (2013), Laboratory spawning patterns of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus L.), Copeia 2013(3): 527-538.
- Chandra Kavish, Bosker Thijs, Hogan Natacha, Lister Andrea, MacLatchy Deborah & Currie Suzanne (2012), Sustained high temperature increases the vitellogenin response to 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), Aquatic Toxicology 118: 130-140.
- Doyle Meghan A., Bosker Thijs & Munkittrick Kelly R. (2011), The potential use of Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) for monitoring estuarine pollution, Journal of environmental monitoring 13(11): 3168-3177.
- Bosker Thijs, Hewitt L. Mark, Munkittrick Kelly R. & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2010), Validation of a refined short-term adult fish reproductive test with improved power for mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) to test complex effluents, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73(7): 1596-1601.
- Bosker Thijs, Munkittrick Kelly R. & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2010), Challenges and opportunities with the use of biomarkers to predict reproductive impairment in fishes exposed to endocrine disrupting substances, Aquatic Toxicology 100(1): 9-16.
- Bosker Thijs, Hewitt L. Mark, Doyle Meghan A. & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2010), Effects of neutral sulfite semichemical pulp pill effluent in the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) adult fish reproductive test, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 45(2): 201-208.
- Bosker T. & Munkittrick K.R. (2009), Often Overlooked: Biological QA/QC, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5(3): 489-491.
- Melvin Steven D., Munkittrick Kelly R., Bosker Thijs & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2009), Detectable effect size and bioassay power of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) adult reproductive tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28(11): 2416-2425.
- Bosker Thijs, Munkittrick Kelly R. & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2009), Challenges in current adult fish laboratory reproductive tests: suggestions for refinement using a mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) case study, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28(11): 2386-2396.
- Bosker Thijs, Hewitt L. Mark, Munkittrick Kelly R., Melvin Steven D. & MacLatchy Deborah L. (2009), The effects of final treated effluent and in-mill waste streams from a Canadian thermomechanical pulp and paper mill on mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) reproduction, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 44(4): 333-344.
- Oosterveer P., Bosker T. & Spaargaren G. (2003), Onderhandelen over risico's; over het (gebrek aan) vertrouwen van consumenten in voedsel, Tijdschrift voor Sociaalwetenschappelijk Onderzoek in de Landbouw 18(1): 55-60.
- Hoekstra N.J., Bosker T. & Lantinga E.A. (2002), Effects of cattle dung from farms with different feeding strategies on germination and initial root growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.), The journal of agricultural science 93(1-3): 189-196.
- Hoekstra N.J., Bosker T. & Lantinga E.A. (2002), Effects of cattle dung from farms with different feeding strategies on germination and initial root growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.), Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 93(1-3): 189-196.