Anna-Alexandra Marhold
Assistant Professor
- Name
- Mr.dr. A.A. Marhold
- Telephone
- +31 71 527 3350
- a.a.marhold@law.leidenuniv.nl
- ORCID iD
- 0000-0001-6655-5744
Anna Marhold is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Public Law and the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University. Her specialization is international economic law, with a particular focus on international trade law at the intersection of energy and environmental regulation.
More information about Anna-Alexandra Marhold
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Education and Career
Anna Marhold obtained her PhD in Law at the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence (2016). In 2015, she was a Marie Curie Early Stage Research Fellow at the Graduate Institute in Geneva, Switzerland, in the framework of DISSETTLE (Dispute Settlement in Trade: Training in Law and Economics). In 2013-2014, Anna was a recipient of the EU-US Fulbright-Schuman Grant and a visiting scholar at NYU School of Law, USA. She is a graduate in Law (LLB, LLM), specializing in international trade and investment law, and in Russian (BA, MA) from the University of Amsterdam (UvA). Prior to joining Leiden in 2019, Anna was Assistant Professor at the Tilburg Law and Economics Centre (TILEC). During her studies, Anna was a Blue Book Trainee at the European External Action Service (EEAS) EU Delegation in Armenia and Assistant Attaché at the Dutch Permanent Mission to the United Nations Headquarters in New York. She speaks Dutch, English, Czech and Russian.
Anna has published widely in the field of international economic, trade and energy law and EU external trade relations. Her monograph titled Energy in International Trade Law: Concepts, Regulation and Changing Markets (Cambridge University Press, 2021) examines energy regulation in international trade law against the backdrop of energy markets that have radically changed over the past decades.
She is a member of the Executive Council of the Society for International Economic Law (SIEL) and the Coordinating Committee of the European Society of International Law (ESIL) Interest Group on International Economic Law, as well as a member of the Platform on International Energy Governance.
Research Areas and Interests
Anna is particularly interested in the ongoing crisis in international trade law, security interests and other non-strictly trade-related objectives in international economic law; EU Energy Policy and its interaction with World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations; energy and environmental regulation in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs); carbon border adjustment mechanisms and the sustainable energy transition; the future of the Energy Charter Treaty; the OPEC cartel; law and economics approaches to trade and energy regulation; access to supplies and natural resources; public goods; regulation of network industries; squaring energy security with sustainable development and consumer protection; regulation of the transit of energy; the Energy Community Treaty and European external energy relations, including the regulation of gas pipelines with the European Neighborhood.
Educational Activities
At Leiden, Anna Marhold teaches Public International Law-related subjects on both Bachelor’s and Master’s level. She convenes courses in International Trade Law in the International Dispute Settlement and Arbitration (IDSA) Advanced LL.M and in the Duke-Leiden Institute in Global and Transnational Law.
Anna is also a Visiting Professor at Vermont Law School (USA), where she teaches on global and comparative energy and environmental law, and a recurring lecturer at the Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations, inter alia in the framework of the WTO – The Netherlands Trainee Programme (NTP).
Assistant Professor
- Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid
- Instituut voor Publiekrecht
- Grotius Centre for Intern Legal Studies
- Koenders B., Broeks J., Corbey D., Gool T. van, Middelaar L.J. van, Nijman J., Ojik B. van, Schuwer H., Zoomers A., Biermans M., Cuperus R., Dijkstra H., Graaf B. de, Haaf T. ten, Idriz N., Larik J.E., Marhold. A.A., Ong’ayo A., Osinga F.P.B., Veer L., Vries C. de, Zandee D., Zoest A. van, Jagt H. van der, Oppewal J., Visser S., Wester K., Beer P. de, Vries S. de, Postmus T. & Offenberg Q. (2024), Oekraïne – standvastigheid, weerbaarheid en perspectief. Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken-briefadvies. Den Haag: Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken.
- Marhold A.A. (2024), Enkele overwegingen m.b.t. de Europese en internationaalrechtelijke dimensie (Rondetafelgesprek deel 2 Militaire dreiging Europa: Economische en juridische consequenties van een mogelijke oorlogseconomie in Europa d.d. 4 april 2024, Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal). [position paper].
- Koenders B., Broeks J., Corbey D., Gool T. van, Middelaar L.J. van, Nijman J., Ojik B. van, Schuwer H., Zoomers A., Biermans M., Cuperus R., Dijkstra H., Graaf B. de, Haaf T. ten, Idriz N., Larik J.E., Marhold. A.A., Ong’ayo A., Osinga F.P.B., Veer L., Vries C. de, Zandee D., Zoest A. van, Jagt H. van der, Oppewal J., Visser S., Wester K., Beer P. de, Vries S. de, Postmus T. & Offenberg Q. (2024), Ukraine – resolve, resilience and prospects for the future. Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken-briefadvies. Den Haag: Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV).
- Marhold A.A. (2024), Energy Security in International Economic Law: Balancing Legal Ambitions and Geopolitical Realities. Collected Papers / Dutch Royal Society of International Law = Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Internationaal Recht no. 150. Den Haag: T.M.C. Asser Press.
- Schuwer H.J.J., Broeks J., Graaf B. de, Groot J. de, Haaf T. ten, Lanschot N. van, Marhold A.A., Osinga F., Sibgatullina G., Teer J., Zandee D., Zoest A. van, Bakker E., Boekestijn A.J., Casteleijn L.F.F., Demmers J., Feith P.C., Starink D. & Jagt H. van der (2024), Hybride Dreigingen en Maatschappelijke Weerbaarheid. Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken-advies no. 126. Den Haag: Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken.
- Marhold A.A. (2023), Responses of international legal academia to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Leiden Journal of International Law 36(3): 487-494.
- Baroncini E., Cristani F., Marhold A.A., Prieto Muñoz J.G., Stoll P.-T. & Trunk-Fedorova M. (2023), Introduction to the special section: international economic law and new frontiers of global security, Cambridge International Law Journal 12(1): 77-81.
- Marhold A.A. (2023), Towards a ‘security-centred’ energy transition: balancing the European Union’s ambitions and geopolitical realities, Journal of International Economic Law 26(4): 756-769.
- Marhold A.A. (31 January 2023), Exportverbod ASML is niet te rechtvaardigen. NRC Handelsblad, Opinie.
- Marhold A.A. (2021), Energy in International Trade Law: Concepts, Regulation and Changing Markets. Cambridge International Trade and Economic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Marhold A.A. (2021), Unpacking the Concept of ‘Energy Security’: Lessons from Recent WTO Case Law, Legal Issues of Economic Integration 48(2): 147-170.
- Marhold A.A. (29 July 2021), CO2-heffing aan EU-buitengrens is revolutionair maar ook riskant. Het Financieele Dagblad.
- Marhold A.A. (2021), EU State Aid Law, WTO Subsidies Disciplines and Renewable Energy Support Schemes: Disconnected Paradigms in Decarbonizing the Grid?. In: Cima E. & Mbengue M.M. (Eds.) A Multifaceted Approach to Trade Liberalisation and Investment Protection in the Energy Sector. International Environmental Law no. 15 Leiden-Boston: Brill | Nijhoff. 179-217.
- Marhold A.A. (4 August 2021), Guest Post: New Book on Energy in International Trade Law. International Economic Law and Policy Blog. Virginia: WorldTradeLaw.net. [blog entry].
- Chornyi V. & Marhold A.A. (2021), The Contested Legal and Political Landscape of Nord Stream 2: In Uncharted Waters. In: Roggenkamp M.M. & Banet C. (Eds.), European Energy Law Report Vol. XIV. Antwerp - Cambridge: Intersentia. 171-193.
- Marhold A.A. (2021), Chapter 41. SCM: Fossil Fuel Subsidies. In: Delimatsis P. & Reins L. (Eds.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law. Volume XI: Trade and Environmental Law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 347-352.
- Marhold A.A. (2020), Back to ‘Splendid Isolation’? Energie als thema in de post-Brexit-partnerschapsonderhandelingen, SEW: Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht 2020(6): 334-343.
- Hancher L. & Marhold A. (2019), A common EU framework regulating import pipelines for gas? Exploring the Commission's proposal to amend the 2009 Gas Directive, Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 37(3): 289-303.
- Marhold A. & Weiss F. (2019), Energy and Fossil Fuels as a Topic of WTO Accession Protocols. In: Bungenberg M., Krajewski M., Tams C.J., Terhechte J.P. & Ziegler A.R. (Eds.), European Yearbook of International Economic Law (EYIEL) 2018 no. 9. Cham: Springer. 61-80.
- Marhold A.A. (2019), Externalising Europe’s energy policy in EU Free Trade Agreements: A cognitive dissonance between promoting sustainable development and ensuring security of supply?, Europe and the World: A Law Review 3(1/7): 1-18.
- Marhold A.A. (6 September 2019), Guest Post: Energy Policy in EU Free Trade Agreements. International Economic Law and Policy Blog. [blog entry].
- Marhold A. (2018), A Reply to David Kennedy, Tilburg Law Review 23(1-2): 130-131.
- Marhold A. (2018), The interplay between liberalization and decarbonization in the European internal energy market for electricity. In: Mathis K. & Huber B.R. (Eds.), Energy Law and Economics. Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship no. 5. Cham: Springer. 59-75.
- Marhold A. (2018), WTO Subsidy Rules: Implications for Energy. In: Hancher L., Hauteclocque A. de & Salerno F.M. (Eds.), State Aid and the Energy Sector. Oxford: Hart Publishing. 91-110.
- Marhold A. (2017), Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform in the WTO: Options for Constraining Dual Pricing in the Multilateral Trading System, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) Issue Paper : 1-26.
- Marhold A. (2017), Review of: Drahos P. (2017), Regulatory Theory - Foundations and Applications. Acton: Australian National University Press. Tijdschrift voor Toezicht 2017(3): 40-42.
- Marhold A. (2017), Review of: Pogoretskyy V. (2017), Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Trade Review 16(4): 771-774.
- Marhold A. (2017), The Nexus between the WTO and the ECT in Global Energy Governance. In: Adinolfi G., Baetens F., Caiado J., Lupone A. & Micara A.G. (Eds.), International Economic Law: Contemporary Issues. Cham: Springer & G. Giappichelli Editore. 189-210.
- Marhold A. (2017), Hello, Goodbye? Brexit en mogelijke gevolgen voor de Europese energiemarkt, SEW: Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht 65(2): 50-56.
- Marhold A.A. (20 December 2017), Energy dual pricing as a harmful fossil fuel subsidy: What the WTO can do. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Geneva: ICSTD. [blog entry].
- Marhold A. (2016), WTO law and economics and restrictive practices in energy trade: The case of the OPEC cartel, Journal of World Energy Law & Business 9(6): 475-494.
- Lavrijssen S., Marhold A. & Trias Lopez A. (2016), The Changing World of the DSO in a Smart Energy System Environment: Key Issues and Policy Recommendations: A CERRE report. Brussels: CERRE - Centre for Regulation in Europe.
- Marhold A. (2016), The Nexus between the WTO and the Energy Charter treaty in Global Energy Governance: Analysis and policy implications, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) 7: 1-32.
- Marhold A. (2016), EU regulatory private law in the energy community: The synergy between the CEER and the ECRB in facilitating customer protection. In: Cremona M. & Micklitz H.W. (Eds.), Private Law in the External Relations of the EU. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 249-272.
- Marhold A.A. (28 April 2016), COMMENT: Towards a coherent system of global energy trade and investment rules. Borderlex.eu: Borderlex. [blog entry].
- Marhold A. (2015), Fragmentation and the Nexus between the WTO and the ECT in Global Energy Governance: A Legal-Institutional Analysis Twenty Years Later, The Journal of World Investment & Trade 16(3): 389-435.
- Cantore C.M. & Marhold A. (2013), The WTO at a Crossroads: Destination, Doha. Pit Stop, Bali - Opportunities for Reform of the World Trading System, Policy Brief / Global Governance Programme 2013(2): 1-8.
- Marhold A.A. (2013), The World Trade Organization and Energy: Fuel for Debate. Geneva: European Society of International Law, ESIL Reflections 2(8): 1-6.
- Marhold A. (2012), In Too Deep – Russia, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Nord Stream Gas Pipeline. In: Mälksoo L., Ziemele I. & Žalimas D. (Eds.), Baltic Yearbook of International Law no. 12. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff. 303-315.
- Marhold A. (2012), Review of: Aalto P. (2012), Russia's Energy Policies - National, Interregional and Global Levels. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Oil, Gas & Energy Law 2012(5).
- Marhold A. (2011), The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Disputes, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Kremlin Proposal – Is There Light at the End of the Gas Pipe?, Oil, Gas & Energy Law 2011(3): .
- Guest Lecturer
- Visiting Adjunct Professor
- Lid
- Visiting Faculty