Daan Scheepers
Associate Professor
- Name
- Prof.dr. D.T. Scheepers
- Telephone
- +31 71 527 3642
- scheepersdt@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
- ORCID iD
- 0000-0001-6691-7426
Daan Scheepers conducts research on group processes and stress.
Daan Scheepers conducts research on group processes and stress.
Research
Scheepers research interests center on group processes and stress. He uses cardiovascular measures to differentiate negative stress (threat) from positive stress (challenge). These different forms of stress have important consequences for decision-making, performance, and health. With his colleagues, he examines various social factors in the emergence of threat and challenge, such as conflict, power, status, morality, social change, and inclusion.
Teaching
- Inter-group relations (Master Social and Organisational Psychology)
- Improving inter-group perceptions (Research Master Psychology)
- Thesis supervision (Master / Research Master Psychology)
Short CV
Scheepers obtained his PhD in Social Psychology from the University of Amsterdam in 2002 (title thesis: The social functions of in-group bias). Between 2004 and 2007 he worked as postdoc on a VENI grant from the Dutch Research Council (NWO), and subsequently as assistant professor (2007-2013) and associate professor (2013-now) in Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology at Leiden University. Next to this, since 2018, Daan works as a (part-time) professor of “psychophysiology of groups” at Utrecht University.
Scheepers served as a teaching director of the Kurt Lewin Institute (national graduate school in social psychology) from 2013-2015 and as an associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology from 2020-2024. Since 2014 he is a member of the board of examiners of the department of psychology.
Associate Professor
- Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
- Instituut Psychologie
- Soc., Econom. en Organisat Psych.
- Dreu C.K.W. de, Gross J., Arciniegas A., Hoenig L.C., Rojek-Giffin M. & Scheepers D.T. (2024), On being unpredictable and winning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 126(3): 369-389.
- Grosfeld E., Cuyvers A. & Scheepers D.T. (2023), Towards evidence-based legitimacy interventions in EU law: challenges and directions for empirical research, Utrecht Law Review 19(2): 87-104.
- Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2023), Theorie der sozialen Identität. In: Sassenberg K. & Vliek M.L.W. (Eds.), Sozialpsychologie: von der Theorie zur Anwendung. Cham, Schweiz: Springer. 141-157.
- Lee R. van der, Ellemers N., Zarzeczna N. & Scheepers D.T. (2023), Threatened by the immoral, challenged by the incompetent: cardiovascular responses to intragroup morality vs. competence evaluations, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations : .
- Donker M.H., Scheepers D., Gog T. van, Hove A. van den, McIntyre N. & Mainhard M.T. (2023), Handling demanding situations: associations between teachers’ interpersonal behavior, physiological responses, and emotions, The Journal of Experimental Education : 1-19.
- Ruisch B.C., Von Mohr M., Naber M., Tsakiris M., Fazio R.H. & Scheepers D.T. (2022), Sensitive liberals and unfeeling conservatives? : Interoceptive sensitivity predicts political liberalism, Politics and the Life Sciences 41(2): 256-275.
- Grosfeld E., Scheepers D.T. & Cuyvers A. (2022), Value alignment and public perceived legitimacy of the European Union and the Court of Justice, Frontiers in Psychology 12: 785892.
- Grosfeld E., Scheepers D.T., Cuyvers A. & Ellemers N. (2022), The integration of subgroups at the supranational level: the relation between social identity, national threat, and perceived legitimacy of the EU, Journal of Social and Political Psychology 10(2): 607-623.
- Scheepers D.T. & Keller J. (2022), On the physiology of flow: bridging flow theory with the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, International Journal of Psychophysiology 182: 119-128.
- Snijdewint J.A. & Scheepers D.T. (2022), Group-based flow: The influence of cardiovascular synchronization and identifiability, Psychophysiology 00: e14227.
- Domen I., Scheepers D.T., Derks B. & Veelen R. van (2022), It’s a man’s world; right? : How women’s opinions about gender inequality affect physiological responses in men, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 25(3): 703-726.
- Scholl A., Ellemers N., Scheepers D.T. & Sassenberg K. (2022), Construal of power as opportunity or responsibility, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 65: 57-107.
- Scholl A., Wenzler M., Ellemers N., Scheepers D.T. & Sassenberg K. (2021), Just do it or do it right?: How regulatory mode relates to perceived responsibility and opportunity in collaborations, Personality and Individual Differences 176: 110776.
- Cramwinckel F.M., Scheepers D.T., Wilderjans T.F. & Rooij R.J.B. de (2021), Assessing the effects of a real-life contact intervention on prejudice toward LGBT people, Archives of Sexual Behavior 50: 3035-3051.
- Noordewier M.K., Scheepers D.T., Stins J.F. & Hagenaars M.A. (2021), On the physiology of interruption after unexpectedness, Biological Psychology 165: 108174.
- Domen I., Derks B., Van Veelen R. & Scheepers D.T. (2020), Gender identity relevance predicts preferential neural processing of same-gendered faces, Social Neuroscience 15(3): 334-347.
- Scheepers D.T. & Knight E.L. (2020), Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to shifting status, Current Opinion in Psychology 33: 115-119.
- Noordewier M.K., Scheepers D.T. & Hilbert L.P. (2020), Freezing in response to social threat: a replication, Psychological Research 84(7): 1890-1896.
- Poppelaars E.S., Klackl J., Scheepers D.T., Mühlberger C. & Jonas E. (2020), Reflecting on existential threats elicits self-reported negative affect but no physiological arousal, Frontiers in Psychology 11: 962.
- Burhan O.K., Van Leeuwen E. & Scheepers D. (2020), On the hiring of kin in organizations: perceived nepotism and its implications for fairness perceptions and the willingness to join an organization, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 161: 34-38.
- Koudenberg N., Greijdanus H. & Scheepers D.T. (2019), The polarizing effects of group discussion in a negative normative context: Integrating societal-, group-, and individual-level factors, British Journal of Social Psychology 58(1): 150-174.
- Scheepers D. & Ellemers N. (2019), Status stress: Explaining defensiveness to the resolution of social inequality in members of dominant groups. In: Jetten J. & Peters K. (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Inequality. Berlin (Germany): Springer. 267-288.
- Scheepers D. & Ellemers N. (2019), Social identity theory. In: Sassenberg K. & Vliek M.L.W. (Eds.), Social Psychology in Action: Evidence-Based Interventions from Theory to Practice. New York: Springer. 129-143.
- Harinck S., Kouzakova M., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2018), Coping with conflict: Testosterone and cortisol changes in dealing with disagreement about values vs. resources, Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 11(4): 265-277.
- Prooijen A.M. van, Ellemers N., Lee R.A. van der & Scheepers D.T. (2018), What seems attractive may not always work well: Evaluative and cardiovascular responses to morality and competence levels in decision-making teams, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21(1): 73-87.
- Scholl A., De Wit F.R.C., Ellemers N., Sassenberg K., Fetterman A. & Scheepers D.T. (2018), The Burden of Power: Construing Power as Responsibility (Rather Than as Opportunity) Alters Threat-Challenge Responses, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44(7): 1024-1038.
- Cramwinckel F.M., Scheepers D.T. & Toorn J. van der (2018), Interventions to reduce blatant and subtle sexual orientation- and gender identity prejudice (SOGIP): Current knowledge and future directions, Social Issues and Policy Review 12(1): 183-217.
- Derks B. & Scheepers D.T. (2018), Neural and cardiovascular pathways from stigma to suboptimal health. In: Major B., Dovidio J.F. & Link B.G. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health. Oxford United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 241-264.
- Scholl A., Sassenberg K., Ellemers N., Scheepers D.T. & De Wit F.R.C. (2018), Highly identified power‐holders feel responsible: The interplay between social identification and social power within groups, British Journal of Social Psychology 57(1): 112-129.
- Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2018), Stress and the stability of social systems: a review of neurophysiological research, European Review of Social Psychology 29(1): 340-376.
- Scholl A., Sassenberg K., Scheepers D.T., Ellemers N. & Wit F.R.C. de (2017), A matter of focus: power-holders feel more responsible after adopting a cognitive other-focus, rather than a self-focus, British Journal of Social Psychology 56(1): 89-102.
- Scheepers D.T. (2017), Migration. In: Ellemers N., Derks B., Nunspeet F. van, Scheepers D.T. & Toorn J. van der (Eds.), World of Difference. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 39-62.
- Ellemers N., Derks B., Van Nunspeet F., Scheepers D.T. & Van der Toorn J. (Eds.) (2017), World of difference: A moral perspective on social inequality. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- De Wit F.R.C., Scheepers D.T., Ellemers N., Sassenberg K. & Scholl A. (2017), Whether power holders construe their power as responsibility or opportunity influences their tendency to take advice from others, Journal of Organizational Behavior 38(7): 923-949.
- Kuipers M., Richter M., Scheepers D., Immink M., Sjak-Shie E. & Steenbergen H. van (2017), How effortful is cognitive control? Insights from a novel method measuring single-trial evoked beta-adrenergic cardiac reactivity, International Journal of Psychophysiology 119: 87-92.
- Scheepers D. (2017), Intergroup status differences as challenge or threat: The role of legitimacy, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20(1): 75-90.
- Scholl A., Moeller K., Scheepers D.T., Nuerk H.C. & Sassenberg K. (2017), Physiological threat responses predict number processing, Psychological Research 81(1): 278-288.
- Lee R.A. van der, Ellemers N., Scheepers D.T. & Rutjens B.T. (2017), In or out? How the perceived morality (vs. competence) of prospective group members affects acceptance and rejection, European Journal of Social Psychology 47(6): 748-762.
- Sassenrath C., Sassenberg K. & Scheepers D. (2016), The impact of regulatory focus on challenge and threat, Swiss Journal of Psychology 75(2): 91-95.
- Van der Lee R., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D. (2016), Mastering moral misery: Emotional and coping responses to intragroup moral (vs. competence) evaluations, Cognition and Emotion 30(1): 51-65.
- Scheepers D. & Derks B. (2016), Revisiting social identity theory from a neuroscience perspective, Current Opinion in Psychology 11: 74-78.
- Newheiser A.-K., Barreto M., Ellemers N., Derks B. & Scheepers D.T. (2015), Regulatory focus moderates the social performance of individuals who conceal a stigmatized identity, British Journal of Social Psychology 54(4): 787-797.
- Dovidio J.F., Saguy T., Ufkes E.G., Scheepers D.T. & Gaertner S.L. (2015), Inclusive identity and the psychology of political change. In: Forgas J.P., Crano W. & Fiedler K. (Eds.), Social Psychology and Politics. New York: Psychology Press. 289-306.
- Scholl A., Ellemers N., Sassenberg K. & Scheepers D. (2015), Understanding power in social context: How power relates to language and communication in line with responsabilities or opportunities. In: Schulze R. & Pishwa H. (Eds.), The Exercise of Power in Communication: Devices, Reception and Reaction. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 312-334.
- Scheepers D., Röell C. & Ellemers N. (2015), Unstable power threatens the powerful and challenges the powerless: Evidence from cardiovascular markers of motivation, Frontiers in Psychology 6: e720.
- De Wit F.R.C., Jehn K.A. & Scheepers D.T. (2014), Coping with intragroup conflict. In: Ashkanasy N.M., Ayoko O.B. & Jehn K.A. (Eds.), Handbook of Conflict Management Research. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing. ch. 14.
- Sassenberg K., Ellemers N., Scheepers D. & Scholl A. (2014), "Power corrupts" revisited: The role of construal of power as opportunity or responsibility. In: Prooijen J.W. van & Lange P.A.M. van (Eds.), Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious about their leaders. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 73-87.
- Scheepers D.T., Saguy T., Dovidio J.F. & Gaertner S.L. (2014), A shared dual identity promotes a cardiovascular challenge response during interethnic interactions, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17(3): 324-341.
- Kouzakova M., Harinck S., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2014), At the heart of a conflict: Cardiovascular and self-regulation responses to value versus resource conflicts, Social Psychological and Personality Science 5(1): 35-42.
- Scheepers D., Derks B., Nieuwenhuis S., Lelieveld G.-J., Van Nunspeet F., Rombouts S.A.R.B. & De Rover M. (2013), The neural correlates of in-group and self-face perception: Is there overlap for high identifiers?, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 528.
- Wit F.R.C. de, Jehn K.A. & Scheepers D.T. (2013), Task conflict, information processing, and decision-making: The damaging effect of relationship conflict, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 122(2): 177-189.
- Van Beest I. & Scheepers D. (2013), Challenge and threat responses to anger communication in coalition formation, Journal of Economic Psychology 38: 50-57.
- Scheepers D., Ellemers N. & Sassenberg K. (2013), Power in group contexts: The influence of group status on promotion and prevention decision making, British Journal of Social Psychology 52(2): 238-254.
- Cramwinckel F.M., Van Dijk E., Scheepers D.T. & Van den Bos K. (2013), The threat of moral refusers for one's self-concept and the protective function of physical cleansing, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49(6): 1049-1058.
- Scheepers D. (2013), Studying social identity-based threats and challenges. In: Derks B., Scheepers D. & Ellemers N. (Eds.), Neuroscience of Prejudice and Intergroup Relations. New York: Psychology Press. 243-259.
- Derks B., Scheepers D. & Ellemers N. (Eds.) (2013), Neuroscience of Prejudice and Intergroup Relations. New York: Psychology Press.
- Ellemers N., Van Nunspeet F. & Scheepers D. (2013), It's all in the mind: How social identification processes affect neurobiological responses. In: Mikulincer M. & Shaver P.R. (Eds.), Mechanisms of Social Connection: From Brain to Group. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association Press. 373-390.
- Scheepers D., Ellemers N. & Derks B. (2013), The "nature" of prejudice: What neuroscience has to offer to the study of intergroup relations. In: Derks B., Scheepers D. & Ellemers N. (Eds.), Neuroscience of Prejudice and Intergroup Relations. New York: Psychology Press. 1-21.
- Cihangir S., Scheepers D.T., Barreto M. & Ellemers N. (2013), Responding to gender-based rejection: Objecting against negative and disproving positive intergroup differentiation, Social Psychological and Personality Science 4(2): 151-158.
- Sassenberg K., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2012), The attraction of social power: The influence of construing power as opportunity versus responsibility, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48(2): 550-555.
- Wit F.R.C. de, Scheepers D.T. & Jehn K.A. (2012), Cardiovascular reactivity and resistance to opposing viewpoints during intragroup conflict, Psychophysiology 49(11): 1691-1699.
- Does S., Derks B., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2012), At the heart of egalitarianism: How morality framing shapes cardiovascular challenge vesus threath in whites, Social Psychological and Personality Science 3: 747-753.
- Kouzakova M.S., Ellemers N., Harinck S. & Scheepers D.T. (2012), The implications of value conflict: How disagreement on values affects self-involvement and perceived common ground, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38(6): 798-807.
- Bijleveld E.H., Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2012), The cortisol response to anticipated intergroup interactions predicts self-reported prejudice, PLoS ONE 7: .
- Scheepers D.T., De Wit F.R.C., Ellemers N. & Sassenberg K. (2012), Social power makes the heart work more efficiently: Evidence from cardiovascular markers of challenge and threat, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48(1): 371-374.
- Kouzakova M.S., Ellemers N., Harinck S. & Scheepers D.T. (2011), Bevend onder het morele pantser: Fysiologische gevolgen van waardeconflicten en belangenconflicten. In: Derks B., Renes R.J., Ruys K., Ven N. van de & Vliek M. (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2010. Groningen: Aspo Pers. 221-228.
- Wit F.R.C. de, Jehn K.A. & Scheepers D.T. (2011), Negotiating within groups: A psychophysiological approach. In: Mannix E.A., Neale M.A. & Overbeck J.R. (Eds.), Negotiation and groups: Research on managing groups and teams: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 207-238.
- Cramwinckel F.M., Van Dijk E. & Scheepers D.T. (2011), "Was je handen in onschuld": Hoe lichamelijke reiniging morele identiteits-bedreiging vermindert. In: Derks B., Renes R.J., Ruys K., Ven N. van de & Vliek M. (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2010. Groningen: Aspo Pers. 97-106.
- Derks B., Scheepers D.T., Van Laar C. & Ellemers N. (2011), The threat vs. challenge of car parking for women: How self- and group affirmation affect cardiovascular responses, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47(1): 178-183.
- Van der Lee R.A., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2011), De effecten van een moraliteits- (vs. competentie-) evaluatie op de motivatie van groepsleden: Een multimethodische benadering. In: Derks B., Renes R.J., Ruys K., Ven N. van de & Vliek M. (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2010. Groningen: Aspo Pers. 247-254.
- Cramwinckel F.M., Van Dijk E. & Scheepers D.T. (2010), Was je handen in onschuld: Hoe lichamelijke reiniging morele identiteits-bedreiging vermindert. In: Renes R.J., Ruijs K., Ven N. van de, Vliek M. & Derks B. (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2010. Groningen: ASPO Pers.
- Jonas K.J., Sassenberg K. & Scheepers D.T. (2010), Self-regulation within and between groups, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13(2): 131-136.
- Ellemers N., Scheepers D.T. & Popa A.M. (2010), Something to gain or something to lose? Affirmative action and regulatory focus emotions, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13(2): 201-213.
- Scheepers D.T. (2009), Turning social identity threat into challenge: Status stability and cardiovascular reactivity during inter-group competition, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(1): 228-233.
- Scheepers D.T., Ellemers N. & Sintemaartensdijk N. (2009), Suffering from the possibility of status loss: Physiological responses to social identity threat in high status groups, En Letra 39(6): 1075-1092.
- Faddegon K.J., Ellemers N. & Scheepers D.T. (2009), Eager to be the best, or vigilant not to be the worst: The emergence of regulatory focus in disjunctive and conjunctive group tasks, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12(5): 653-671.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Manstead A.S.R. & Doosje B. (2009), The Influence of Discrimination and Fiarness on Collective Self-Esteem, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35(4): 506-515.
- Spears R., Jetten J., Scheepers D.T. & Cihangir S. (2009), Creative distinctiveness: Explaining ingroup bias in minimal groups. In: Otten S., Kessler T. & Sassenberg K. (Eds.), Intergroup relations: The role of motivation and emotion. London: Psychology Press. 23-40.
- Cihangir S., Scheepers D.T., Barreto M. & Ellemers N. (2008), Fysiologische reacties op "grove" en "agressieve" vormen van discriminatie. In: Karremans J., Beersma B., Custers R., Harreveld F. van & Rijswijk W. van (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2007. Groningen: ASPO Pers. 67-77.
- Bijleveld E.H., Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2008), De gevolgen van fysiologische bedreiging tijdens intergroepsinteracties. In: Karremans J., Beersma B., Custers R., Harreveld F. van & Rijswijk W. van (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2007. Groningen: ASPO Pers. 23-34.
- Faddegon K.J., Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2008), If we have the will, there will be a way: Regulatory focus as a group identity, En Letra 38(5): 880-895.
- Nuijten M. & Scheepers D.T. (2007), Van intergroeps bedreiging naar uitdagende identificatie en cardiovasculaire reacties tijdens intergroeps interacties. In: Laar C. van, Ruiter R., Karremans J., Rijswijk W. van & Harreveld F. van (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2006. Groningen: Aspo Pers. 339-346.
- Pat-El R.J., Derks B. & Scheepers D.T. (2006), Measuring challenge and threat: A guide to physiological measurements. Leiden: Leiden University, Department of Social & Organizational Psychology.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R. (2006), Diversity in in-group bias: Structural factors, situational features, and social functions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(6): 944-960.
- Faddegon K.J., Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2006), Collectieve regulatoire focus 'Waar wij willen, is een weg'. In: Holland R.W., Ouwerkerk J., Laar C. van, Ruiter R. & Ham J. (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2005. Groningen: ASPO Pers. 141-149.
- Scheepers D.T. & Stijger K. (2006), Intergroep statusverschillen als dreiging en uitdaging. In: , Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2005. Groningen: ASPO Pers. 409-419.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R. (2006), The social functions of ingroup bias: Creating, confirming, or changing social reality, European Review of Social Psychology 17(1): 359-396.
- Scheepers D.T. & Ellemers N. (2005), When the pressure is up: The assessment of social identity threat in low and high status groups, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41(2): 192-200.
- Spears R., Scheepers D.T., Jetten J., Doosje B., Ellemers N. & Postmes T. (2004), Entitativity, group distinctiveness, and social identity. Getting and using social structure. In: Yzerbyt V., Judd C.M. & Corneille O. (Eds.), The psychology of group perception. Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism.. New York/Hove U.K.: Psychology Press. 293-316.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R. (2003), Two functions of verbal inter-group discrimination: Instrumental and identity motives as a result of group identification and threat, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29(5): 568-577.
- Scheepers D.T., Branscombe N., Spears R. & Doosje B. (2002), The emergence and effects of deviants in low and high status groups, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(6): 611-617.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R. (2002), Integrating identity and instrumental approaches to intergroup discrimination: Different contexts, different motives, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28(11): 1455-1467.
- Scheepers D.T. (1 October 2002), The social functions of in-group bias (Dissertatie, Leiden University). Ridderkerk: Ridderprint BV. Supervisor(s): Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R., Doosje B. & Manstead A.S.R. (2002), De functionaliteit van inter-groeps discriminatie in voetballiederen. In: Stapel D.A., Hagedoorn M. & Dijk E. van (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie. Delft: Eburon. 171-180.
- Spears R., Jetten J. & Scheepers D.T. (2002), Distinctiveness and the definition of collective self: A tripartite model. In: Tesser A., Wood V. & Stapel D.A. (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on self and identity.. Lexington USA: American Psychological Association. 147-171.
- Scheepers D.T., Spears R. & Wigboldus D.H.J. (1999), Linguistic intergroup bias: Invloed van categorie-saillantie en sekse. In: Rutte C.G., Knippenberg D. van, Martijn C. & Stapel D. (Eds.), Fundamentele sociale psychologie no. 13. Tilburg: University Press. 61-67.
- Dijksterhuis A., Spears R., Postmes T., Stapel D.A., Koomen W., Van Knippenberg A. & Scheepers D.T. (1998), Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75(4): 862-871.