Columbus' footprint in Hispaniola: a paleoenvironmental record of Indigenous and Colonial impacts on the landscape of the central Cibao Valley, northern Dominican Republic

Published on 25 May 2018

This article is the result of a collaboration between Alvaro Castilla-Beltrán, Henry Hooghiemstra, Menno L.P. Hoogland, Jaime R. Pagán-Jiménez, Bas van Geel, Micheal H. Field, Timme Donders, Eduardo Herrera Malatesta, Jorge Ulloa Hung, Crystal H. McMichael, William D. Gosling, and Corinne L. Hofman. The article is currently in press and will soon be published in Anthropocene.

Highlights

• We show a first 1100-yr multi-proxy record along the ‘Ruta de Colón’ in Dominican Republic.

• Pre-Columbian land use shows fire events, changes in the drainage pattern, small-scale agriculture and clearings in a forested landscape in the central Cibao Valley.

• European colonization triggered the abandonment of indigenous agricultural fields and the implementation of cattle grazing and large-scale cultivation of Old World crops.

Abstract

The 1100-year sedimentary record of Laguna Biajaca reveals human-driven landscape changes in the central Cibao Valley, Dominican Republic, Hispaniola. This sediment-filled cutoff meander is located in close proximity to pre-Colonial archaeological sites and a Colonial urban hub. It provided a nutrient-rich floodable locus for agricultural activities for indigenous communities and for the first introduction of Old World crops and cattle in the Americas. Integration of paleoecological proxies revealed the formation of a clear-water body surrounded by a palm-rich forested landscape around 1100 cal yr BP. Changes in the drainage system were linked to human-driven deforestation, which also changed the composition of the vegetation and fungal communities around the site between AD 1150 and 1500 (800 and 700 cal yr BP). Pre-Colonial modifications of the landscape were primarily the result of fire-use and small-scale clearings. Crop cultivation developed between AD 1250 and 1450 (700 to 500 cal yr BP). Within decades after Columbus’ arrival in Hispaniola in AD 1492, the first impacts of European colonization included the abandonment of indigenous sites and the introduction of Old World domesticated animals. During the 15^th and 16^th centuries the area underwent intensive land-clearing that allowed for larger scale crop cultivation. An increase of aquatic vegetation points to sediment-filling around AD 1700 (250 cal yr BP). At that time, cattle breeding expanded and rapidly provoked eutrophication while, concurrently, monocultures became regionally established. This paper provides a framework of past environmental dynamics and offers an opportunity to place archaeological findings in a context of natural and anthropogenic change.

To read the article online or download the manuscript, click here.